Nawaz Sharif. While Benazir Bhutto hated the generals for executing her
father, Nawaz Sharif early on figured out that they held the real power in
Pakistan. His father had established a foundry in 1939 and, together with
six brothers, had struggled for years only to see their business nationalized
by Ali Bhuttos regime in 1972. This sealed decades of enmity between the
Bhuttos and the Sharifs. Following the military coup and General Zias assumption
of power, the businessIttefaqwas returned to family hands in
1980. Nawaz Sharif became a director and cultivated relations with senior
military officers. This led to his appointment as finance minister of Punjab
and then election as chief minister of this most populous province in 1985.
During the 1980s and early 1990s, given Sharif s political control of
Punjab and eventual prime ministership of the country, Ittefaq Industries
grew from its original single foundry into 30 businesses producing steel,
sugar, paper, and textiles, with combined revenues of $400 million, making
it one of the biggest private conglomerates in the nation. As in many other
countries, when you control the political realm, you can get anything you
want in the economic realm.
With Lahore, the capital of Punjab, serving as the seat of the familyspower, one of the first things Sharif did upon becoming prime minister in
1990 was build his long-dreamed-of superhighway from there to the capital,
Islamabad. Estimated to cost 8.5 billion rupees, the project went through
two biddings. Daewoo of Korea, strengthening its proposals with midnight
meetings, was the highest bidder both times, so obviously it won the contract
and delivered the job at well over 20 billion rupees.
A new highway needs new cars. Sharif authorized importation of 50,000
vehicles duty free, reportedly costing the government $700 million in lost
customs duties. Banks were forced to make loans for vehicle purchases to
would-be taxi cab drivers upon receipt of a 10 percent deposit. Borrowers got
their Nawaz Sharif cabs, and some 60 percent of them promptly defaulted.
This left the banks with $500 million or so in unpaid loans. Vehicle dealers
reportedly made a killing and expressed their appreciation in expected ways.
Under Sharif, unpaid bank loans and massive tax evasion remained the
favorite ways to get rich. Upon his loss of power the usurping government
published a list of 322 of the largest loan defaulters, representing almost $3
billion out of $4 billion owed to banks. Sharif and his family were tagged for
$60 million. The Ittefaq Group went bankrupt in 1993 when Sharif lost his
premiership the first time. By then only three units in the group were operational,
and loan defaults of the remaining companies totaled some 5.7 billion
rupees, more than $100 million.67
Like Bhutto, offshore companies have been linked to Sharif, three in the
British Virgin Islands by the names of Nescoll, Nielson, and Shamrock68 and
another in the Channel Islands known as Chandron Jersey Pvt. Ltd.69 Some
of these entities allegedly were used to facilitate purchase of four rather
grand flats on Park Lane in London, at various times occupied by Sharif
family members. Reportedly, payment transfers were made to Banque
Paribas en Suisse, which then instructed Sharif s offshore companies Nescoll
and Nielson to purchase the four luxury suites.70
In her second term, Benazir Bhutto had Pakistans Federal Investigating
Agency begin a probe into the financial affairs of Nawaz Sharif and his family.
The probe was headed by Rehman Malik, deputy director general of the
agency. Malik had fortified his reputation earlier by aiding in the arrest of
Ramzi Yousef, mastermind of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. During
Sharif s second term, the draft report of the investigation was suppressedThe records, including government documents, signed affidavits from
Pakistani officials, bank files and property records, detail deals that Mr.
Malik says benefited Mr. Sharif, his family and his political associates:
At least $160 million pocketed from a contract to build a highway
from Lahore, his home town, to Islamabad, the nations capital.
At least $140 million in unsecured loans from Pakistans state banks.
More than $60 million generated from government rebates on
sugar exported by mills controlled by Mr. Sharif and his business
associates.
At least $58 million skimmed from inflated prices paid for imported
wheat from the United States and Canada. In the wheat
deal, Mr. Sharif s government paid prices far above market value
to a private company owned by a close associate of his in Washington,
the records show. Falsely inflated invoices for the wheat generated
tens of millions of dollars in cash.71
The report went on to state that The extent and magnitude of this corruption
is so staggering that it has put the very integrity of the country at
stake.72 In an interview, Malik added: No other leader of Pakistan has
taken that much money from the banks. There is no rule of law in Pakistan.
It doesnt exist.73
What brought Sharif down in his second term was his attempt to acquire
virtually dictatorial powers. In 1997 he rammed a bill through his
compliant parliament requiring legislators to vote as their party leaders directed.
In 1998 he introduced a bill to impose Sharia law (Muslim religious
law) across Pakistan, with himself empowered to issue unilateral directives in
the name of Islam. In 1999 he sought to sideline the army by replacing
Chief of Staff Pervez Musharraf with a more pliable crony. He forgot the
lessons he had learned in the 1980s: The army controls Pakistan and politicians
are a nuisance. As Musharraf was returning from Sri Lanka, Sharif
tried to sack him in midair and deny the Pakistan International Airways
flight with 200 civilians on board landing rights in Karachi. Musharraf radioed
from the aircraft through Dubai to his commander in Karachi, order-ing him to seize the airport control tower, accomplished as the plane descended
almost out of fuel. Musharraf turned the tables and completed his
coup, and Sharif was jailed.
But Sharif had little to fear. This, after all, is Pakistan. Musharraf needed
to consolidate his power with the generals, and Sharif knew details about the
corruption of most of the brass. Obviously, it is better to tread lightly
around the edges of your peer groups own thievery. So Musharraf had Sharif
probed, tried, convicted, and sentenced to life in prison, but then in 2000
exiled him to Saudi Arabia. Twenty-two containers of carpets and furniture
followed, and, of course, his foreign accounts remained mostly intact. Ensconced
in a glittering palace in Jeddah, he is described as looking corpulent
amidst opulent surroundings.74 Reportedly, he and Benazir Bhutto
even have an occasional telephone conversation, perhaps together lamenting
how unfair life has become.