Big Three
[edit]China
This section requires expansion.
China's space program has been in the spotlight since 2003, when it started manned space launches, becoming the first Asian country and the third overall to independently send a man into space.[4] China successfully performed an EVA in September 2008. China has developed a sizable family of successful Long March rockets. It has launched two lunar orbiters, Chang'e 1 and Chang'e 2 and intends to land a rover on the moon and conduct a sample return mission. In 2011, China plans to embark on a program to established a manned space station starting with the launch of Tiangong 1. China also expects to send its first Mars probe in 2011. As well as national pride there are commercial drivers such as launching of satellites for communications, weather forecast and research of Earth's atmosphere.
It also has collaborative projects with Russia, ESA and Brazil and has launched commercial satellites for other countries.
Some analysts suggest that the Chinese space program is linked to the nation's efforts at developing advanced military technology.[13] In 2007, China used an anti-satellite missile to destroy a defunct weather satellite, the Feng Yun 1-C, orbiting 528 miles (850 km) above Earth. The resulting explosion sent a wave of debris hurtling through space at more than 6 miles per second.[14] On 21 February 2008 the US Navy destroyed a disabled spy satellite USA 193. The US denied the destruction of the satellite was a response to an anti-satellite test carried out by China in 2007.[15]
[edit]India
India's interest in space travel had a modest beginning in the early 1960s, when scientists launched a small rocket above Kerala.[16] Now India has its own space launch vehicles, has launched several satellites, sent a probe to the moon and demonstrated re-entry technology. Initially India's space program was not taken as a geopolitical weapon of pride but under Vikram Sarabhai focussed on practical uses of space in increasing standards of living. Thus the impetus was on putting remote sensing and communications satellites into orbit. This has changed in the recent past.[17] The main shifts took place under two administrations. The first was that of Indira Gandhi, when India sent its first human in space, Rakesh Sharma, through Soviet Intercosmos Program. Then there was a long gap before the second shift, which was during the administration in India under Atal Behari Vajpayee. Just a few days after China said that it would send a human into orbit in the second half of 2003, Indian Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee publicly urged his country's scientists to work towards sending a man to the Moon.[18] Chandrayaan-1, India's first unmanned lunar mission was launched on October 2008.[19] The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is planning its 2nd moon mission, Chandrayaan-2, in 2013.[20] India expects a manned space mission by 2015[21] that will make the country a fourth space power.The Indian Space Research Organisation had begun preparations for a mission to Mars.[22]
[edit]Japan
The H-IIA F11 launch vehicle lifts off from Tanegashima Space Center in Japan.
Japan has been cooperating with the United States on missile defence since 1999. North Korean nuclear and Chinese military programs represent a serious issue for Japan's foreign relations.[23] Japan is now working on military and civilian space technologies, developing missile defence systems, new generations of military spy satellites, and planning for manned stations on the Moon.[24] Japan started to construct spy satellites after North Korea test fired a Taepodong missile over Japan in 1998, although the North Korean government claimed the missile was merely launching a satellite to space accusing Japan of causing an arms race.[25] The Japanese constitution adopted after World War II limits military activities to defensive operations. On May 2007 Prime Minister Shinzo Abe called for a bold review of the Japanese Constitution to allow the country to take a larger role in global security and foster a revival of national pride.[26] Japan has not yet developed its own manned spacecraft and has not adopted acting program of developing of one. Some time ago project of Japan space shuttle HOPE-X launched by conventional space launcher H-II was developed during several years but was postponed. Then the more simple manned capsule Fuji was proposed but not adopted. Pioneer projects of single-stage to orbit, reusable launch vehicle horizontal takeoff and landing ASSTS and vertical takeoff and landing Kankoh-maru also exists but have not been adopted. More conservative new (JAXA manned spacecraft) project is expected to launch by 2025 as part of Japanese plans of manned missions to Moon. A science journalist such as Shin'ya Matsuura is doubtful about the Japanese manned moon project and expects the project is a euphemism for participation in the American Constellation program,[27] same as the Japanese manned space program such as ISS. On the other hand, JAXA planned to send a Humanoid robot (such as ASIMO) as an astronaut to the moon.[27]