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2011 NATO attack in Pakistan
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[TH="class: summary, bgcolor: #B0C4DE, colspan: 2, align: center"]2011 NATO attack in Pakistan[/TH]
[/TR]
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[TD="bgcolor: #DCDCDC, colspan: 2, align: center"]Part of the
War in Afghanistan (2001present)[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="colspan: 2, align: center"]
Two
Apache helicopters attacked Pakistani posts along with other aircraft.[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="colspan: 2"][TABLE="width: 303"]
[TR]
[TH]Date[/TH]
[TD]26 November 2011[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH]Location[/TH]
[TD]
Salala,
Mohmand Agency,
FATA, Pakistan
Latitude: approx. 34.5N
Longitude: approx. 71.0E[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH]Result[/TH]
[TD]
- Pakistan closes NATO supply routesthrough Pakistan
- Pakistan evicts the USA from Shamsi Airfield
- Pakistan Army put on heightened alert on Pak-Afghan Border
- Pakistan boycotts the 2nd Bonn Conference on Afghanistan
- Heightened tensions between Pakistan and the USA
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[/TD]
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[TH="bgcolor: #B0C4DE, colspan: 2, align: center"]Belligerents[/TH]
[/TR]
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[TD]
Pakistan[/TD]
[TD]
NATO
United States
Afghanistan[/TD]
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[TH="bgcolor: #B0C4DE, colspan: 2, align: center"]Commanders and leaders[/TH]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]
Major Mujahid Mirani
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action[SUP]
[1][/SUP][SUP]
[2][/SUP]
Captain Usman Ali
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action[SUP]
[2][/SUP][SUP]
[3][/SUP][/TD]
[TD]
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="bgcolor: #B0C4DE, colspan: 2, align: center"]Strength[/TH]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]40 troops
Anti-aircraft guns[SUP]
[4][/SUP][/TD]
[TD]2
AH-64D Apache Longbows
1
AC-130H Spectre gunship
2
F-15E Eagle fighter jets
1
MC-12W LibertyIntelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance aircraft[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TH="bgcolor: #B0C4DE, colspan: 2, align: center"]Casualties and losses[/TH]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD]24 soldiers killed (including 2 officers)13 soldiers injured[/TD]
[TD]None[/TD]
[/TR]
[TR]
[TD="colspan: 2"]
Salala
Location within Pakistan
[/TD]
[/TR]
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War in Afghanistan
(2001present)[/TH]
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[TD][TABLE="class: nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner, width: 307"]
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War in North-West Pakistan[/TH]
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The 2011 NATO attack in Pakistan, also known as the Salala incident, occurred when U.S.-led NATO forces engaged Pakistani security forces at two Pakistani military checkposts along the Afghanistan-Pakistan border on Saturday, 26 November 2011.[SUP]
[5][/SUP]
Two NATO Apache helicopters[SUP]
[4][/SUP][SUP]
[6][/SUP][SUP]
[7][/SUP]
anAC-130 gunship[SUP]
[4][/SUP]
and two F-15E Eagle fighter jets entered by varying estimates as little as 200 meters[SUP]
[8][/SUP]
(660 ft) to up to 2.5 kilometres (1.6 miles),[SUP]
[9][/SUP]
into the Pakistani border area of Salala in the Baizai subdivision of Mohmand Agency, FATA at 2 a.m. local time,[SUP]
[10][/SUP]
from across the border inAfghanistan and opened fire at two border patrol check-posts, killing up to 24 Pakistani soldiers[SUP]
[5][/SUP][SUP]
[9][/SUP][SUP]
[11][/SUP]
and wounding 13 others.[SUP]
[9][/SUP]
The two Pakistan Army check-posts were codenamed "Boulder" and "Volcano" respectively.[SUP]
[4][/SUP]
This attack resulted in a deterioration of relations between Pakistan and the United States. The Pakistani public reacted with protests all over the country and the government took measures adversely affecting the US exit strategic from Afghanistan including the evacuation of Shamsi Airfield and closure of the NATO supply line.[edit]Background and timeline
Main articles: War in Afghanistan (2001present) and War in North-West Pakistan
[edit]The incident
On 26 November 2011, U.S.-led NATO forces opened fire on two Pakistani border check-posts stationed near the Pakistan-Afghanistan border. The attack occurred at approximately 02:00 local time (01:30 in Afghanistan and 21:00 GMT).[SUP]
[10][/SUP]
According to the Director General of Military Operations (DGMO), Major General Ashfaq Nadeem, the attack was a coordinated NATO strike and used two AH-64D Apache Longbow helicopters, an AC-130H Spectre gunship and two F-15E Eagle fighter jets, one used as a "display of force." A MC-12W Liberty turbo-propeller aircraft was used in aIntelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance role.[SUP]
[4][/SUP][SUP]
[12][/SUP]
The check-posts were located 200 metres (660 ft) to 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) inside Pakistan from the border with Afghanistan in the Salala area of the Baizai subdivision of the Mohmand tribal region in FATA, Pakistan. The two check-posts were separated themselves by a distance of one kilometre on the Salala mountain top.[SUP]
[8][/SUP]
The attacks caused the deaths of up to twenty-four Pakistani soldiers,[SUP]
[11][/SUP]
which included two officers - Major Mujahid Mirani and Captain Usman Ali. Thirteen other soldiers were injured as a result of the attack.[SUP]
[13][/SUP][SUP]
[14][/SUP][SUP]
[15][/SUP]
Both sides reported they were attacked first. The poorly defined border, as well as a history of Taliban fighters moving around the Afghan border regions, were cited as possible contributing factors to the incident.[SUP]
[11][/SUP]
An AC-130 gunship (pictured) was used in addition to two Apache helicopters and two F-15E Eagle fighter jets to carry out the attack.[SUP]
[4][/SUP]
[SUP]
[9][/SUP][SUP]
[16][/SUP][SUP]
[16][/SUP][SUP]
[17][/SUP][SUP]
[18][/SUP]
"There was firing coming from the position against Afghan army soldiers who requested support", said one Afghan official in Kabul.[SUP]
[16][/SUP]
The Afghan official further stated they were being fired upon directly from a Pakistani military outpost itself.[SUP]
[19][/SUP]
A Western official backed up that view by stating, "They were fired on from a Pakistani army base." And, "It was a defensive action."[SUP]
[16][/SUP]
According to Afghan and US accounts helicopters were then called in for support against the incoming fire.[SUP]
[16][/SUP][SUP]
[20][/SUP][SUP]
[21][/SUP]
A Pakistani defense official admitted that soldiers in the Pakistani border post "sitting there for the express purpose of stopping infiltration" fired "a few flares, a couple of mortar rounds and one or two bursts of heavy machine-gun fire in that direction."[SUP]
[22][/SUP]
Another US official in Kabul pointed to an incident in September 2010, when a NATO helicopter fired on a Pakistan outpost, killing two soldiers. "It was a situation where insurgent forces butted right up against a Pakistani border post and used that as a firing position. When we fired back, we hit Pakistani security forces. Military officials in Kabul claimed insurgents in Pakistan have also used empty Pakistan border bases to stage attacks, which they say may have been the working assumption of the coalition forces who called in the airstrike when they drew fire.[SUP]
[16][/SUP]
One U.S. official said NATO forces had informed the Pakistani armys 11th Corps command near the western border that operations against Taliban insurgents would take place on that day. Pakistani General Abbas admitted in a press conference that coalition forces had "informed our military earlier, much earlier, that they will be conducting an operation there."[SUP]
[22][/SUP]
According to the US military, information about the proposed strike was passed on at one of the centres on the border where both sides station officers and exchange information in an effort to avoid firing on each other, after which Pakistani officers cleared the strike, saying that there were no Pakistani forces in the area.[SUP]
[23][/SUP][SUP]
[24][/SUP]
[edit]Pakistani claims
[SUP]
[25][/SUP]
an "irresponsible act," and a "stark violation" of its sovereignty.[SUP]
[26][/SUP]
Leaders of the Pakistani military establishment viewed NATO's attacks on the army checkposts as intentional, pre-planned and premeditated.[SUP]
[27][/SUP][SUP]
[28][/SUP]
Slamming NATO's version of events as "lame excuses", Pakistan rejected claims of any firing having emanated from its side as a prelude to the encounter, saying that the soldiers who were manning the post were asleep and resting when NATO launched the assault at night.[SUP]
[9][/SUP][SUP]
[29][/SUP][SUP]
[30][/SUP]
The director general of the ISPR, Major General Athar Abbas challenged NATO to "present proof if they claim that firing was started from Pakistani side. No fire was opened from our side."[SUP]
[31][/SUP]
He asserted that "At this point, NATO and Afghanistan are trying to wriggle out of the situation by offering excuses. Where are their casualties?"[SUP]
[32][/SUP]
Meanwhile, the claim that the airstrike was cleared by Pakistani authorities was categorically denied by Pakistan[SUP]
[9][/SUP][SUP]
[29][/SUP][SUP]
[33][/SUP]
which claimed that the attack continued for two hours, even after Pakistani officials alerted coalition forces to stop.[SUP]
[34][/SUP][SUP]
[35][/SUP]
Preliminary reports from the Pakistan Army told of about 40 soldiers being present at the two check posts, most of whom were sleeping or resting when the raid took place.[SUP]
[11][/SUP][SUP]
[36][/SUP][SUP]
[37][/SUP]
The helicopters first attacked the border post, named "Volcano", atop the mountain peak. This initial attack cut all the communications to and from the post,[SUP]
[4][/SUP]
and a Pakistan Air Force air support could not be called in time to counter the attack.[SUP]
[38][/SUP]
Instead, Pakistani troops stationed at the nearby post named "Boulder" engaged the NATO helicopters with anti-aircraft guns. The helicopters soon withdrew.[SUP]
[4][/SUP]
Pakistani authorities tried to contact their NATO counterparts in an effort to inform them of the situation but the Pakistani request reportedly failed to reach the attacking force. The helicopters returned a second time engaging Boulder border post again. A short while later communication with the NATO commanders was established and the attack was called off. All casualties were from the initial attack on the Volcano border post.[SUP]
[4][/SUP]
Later, Major General Abbas expressed that it was beyond comprehension why the NATO forces returned to attack the second time.[SUP]
[39][/SUP]
According to local officials, there was no militant activity along the Afghan border region when NATO conducted the attack.[SUP]
[40][/SUP]
Abbas, spokesperson ISPR, said that the coordinates of the two border posts had been given to ISAF. He added that the attack lasted for almost two hours and claimed that the personnel on the posts alerted the GHQ which in turn immediately informed the ISAF regional base in Afghanistan to stop the attack at roughly 12:30 AM[SUP]
[41][/SUP]
but they did not.[SUP]
[34][/SUP]
GHQ in return gave permission to the personnel on the outposts to retaliate.[SUP]
[9][/SUP]
NATO communicated at roughly 1:15 AM that they had realized that they were attacking Pakistan Army and that their forces had been ordered to stop. Yet NATO's aerial bombardment continued with another salvo aiming at the Pakistani rescue force that rushed to the aid of the two posts.[SUP]
[41][/SUP]
Pakistan termed the event an "unprovoked and indiscriminate firing",[SUP]
[11][/SUP]
an "irresponsible act",[SUP]
[42][/SUP]
and a "stark violation" of its sovereignty.[SUP]
[26][/SUP]
The attack was the deadliest NATO strike on Pakistani soil in history, ever since the start of the war in Afghanistan.[SUP]
[43][/SUP]
In a media conference with the Director General of Military Operations (DGMO) Major General Ashfaq, Chief of General Staff Lieutenant General Waheed Arshad, claimed that this was not an "unintended" incident. On accounts of series of events he commented that NATO was informed at the time of attack but their helicopters remained on course of aggression. Pakistani military also said that the NATO forces returned a second time to attack the post again.[SUP]
[19][/SUP]
When he was asked whether Pakistan was satisfied with the investigating team headed under US Air force Brigadier General Stephon, he responded sharply by commenting that all incidents in past in relation to violation of Pakistan's sovereignty did not come to an agreeable conclusion. Pakistan was invited to jointly investigate the incident, but Pakistan refused to participate.[SUP]
[44][/SUP]
On December 9, Major General Ashfaq claimed that NATO had been monitoring radio transmissions that night and knew they had hit Volcano post.[SUP]
[45][/SUP][SUP]
[46][/SUP]
[edit]Repercussions of the incident
[edit]Closure of NATO supply lines
Main article: NATO supply lines to Afghanistan
NATO supply lines through Pakistan
[SUP]
[36][/SUP][SUP]
[47][/SUP][SUP]
[48][/SUP][SUP]
[49][/SUP]
leaving the blockaded supply trucks vulnerable to attacks.[SUP]
[50][/SUP]
NATO trucks had been using the supply routes, in Khyber Agency (through the Khyber Pass at Torkham) and Balochistan (near Chaman), to supply U.S. and international forces fighting in Afghanistan.[SUP]
[51][/SUP]
US policy makers tried to find alternative routes through Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan (termed as the "Northern Distribution Network") but these are longer and less effective than routes through Pakistan. Huge costs are associated with the Central Asian supply lines, and NATO's supply line through Russia is already under a looming danger of closure due to friction over missile defense plans.[SUP]
[52][/SUP]
Being a landlocked country, Afghanistan is highly dependent on Pakistan for its imports. According to figures released by The Pentagon in January 2012, the United States was paying six times more to send supplies to troops in Afghanistan via alternative supply routes following the closure of Pakistani routes. The figures placed the new U.S. costs at $104 million per month, roughly $87 million costlier per month than when the cargo was transported via Pakistan.[SUP]
[53][/SUP]
The high costs were associated with the routes being lengthier.[SUP]
[54][/SUP]
[edit]Continued strife
In late March 2012, a US military official stated that the United States would have to use routes through India and the Northern Distribution Network (NDN) for supplies to Afghanistan if Pakistan refused to reopen its supply lines. However, he conceded the expensiveness of these routes and noted that negotiations with Pakistan regarding the possibility of opening of the supply routes were ongoing.[SUP]
[54][/SUP]
After reviewing United States-Pakistan relations and outlining what was needed to repair bilateral relations, the Pakistani parliament turned the decision of reopening the NATO supply lines over to the government in April 2012.[SUP]
[55][/SUP]
Due to an upcoming general election in Pakistan, with widespread anti-American sentiments in the country, the Pakistani government was reluctant to reopen the lines,[SUP]
[56][/SUP]
and postponed its decision until the United States responded positively to Pakistani demands outlined in the parliamentary recommendations,[SUP]
[55][/SUP]
such as a U.S. apology for the November 2011 incident, the bringing of those involved in the strike to justice, and a stop to U.S. drone airstrikes.[SUP]
[57][/SUP]
Talks between Pakistan and the United States failed in April 2012 after Pakistan could not get an unconditional apology from the United States for the November 2011 incident.[SUP]
[58][/SUP]
The White House refused to apologize after Taliban attacks in Kabul and other cities in Afghanistan on April 15, 2012, which according to U.S. military and intelligence officials came from the Haqqani network, an Afghan group working from a base in North Waziristan along the Afghanistan border in Pakistans tribal belt.[SUP]
[58][/SUP]
Pakistani officials said they cannot open the NATO supply routes in Afghanistan without a US apology.[SUP]
[58][/SUP][SUP]
[59][/SUP]
Later in May, Pakistan demanded the United States to pay stiff fees as a condition to open up NATO supply routes into Afghanistan. The United States, however, could not pay the required $5,000 per truck due to budgetary restraints according to US Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta.[SUP]
[60][/SUP][SUP]
[61][/SUP][SUP]
[62][/SUP]
[edit]Shamsi airfield vacated
Main article: Shamsi Airfield
On 26 November, the same day the incident occurred, Pakistan ordered the U.S. to shut down and vacate the Shamsi Airfield in the southwestern Balochistan province within a deadline of 15 days. U.S. forces and the Central Intelligence Agency had reportedly leased this airbase in 2001 for joint surveillance and launching drone attacks against militants in Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan.[SUP]
[63][/SUP][SUP]
[64][/SUP]
The Shamsi airbase was the only military base in Pakistan being used by the United States, and orders of its evacuation by US personnel symbolised an increasing rift and deterioration in relations between Pakistan and the United States.
In early December, the US military personnel occupying the base, along with all military equipment, were shifted to the Bagram Air Base in Afghanistan via US military aircraft.[SUP]
[65][/SUP]
On December 10, Pakistani troops from the Frontier Corps took full control of the airfield as scheduled, and by December 11 all remaining American staff were evacuated.[SUP]
[66][/SUP][SUP]
[67][/SUP][SUP]
[68][/SUP]
Upon establishing control of the airfield, the United States flag was removed from the base and replaced with the flag of Pakistan.[SUP]
[69][/SUP]
The impact of the closure has been questioned, as the United States still has the ability to conduct drone attacks from nearby bases in Afghanistan,[SUP]
[70][/SUP]
and according to the Pakistani military, the base was used mainly for refueling and maintenance of drones, as well as for emergency landings and logistical support, and not for conducting actual drone operations which had in fact ceased in April 2011.[SUP]
[71][/SUP][SUP]
[72][/SUP]
Following the incident, Pakistan stated its intention to shoot down any future US drones intruding on its airspace,[SUP]
[73][/SUP]
and the US suspended drone operations in order to avoid antagonizing Pakistan.[SUP]
[74][/SUP][SUP]
[75][/SUP]
One report said that American drone attacks in Pakistan dropped by as much as 50% due to the Salala attack, as well as legal cases.[SUP]
[76][/SUP]
[edit]United States exit strategy
Among the immediate repercussions of the incident is that the United States' attempts to end the war in Afghanistan peacefully may now be in jeopardy. Some Pakistani officials warned that the attack could have "huge implications" for the Afghan endgame. Pakistan, which is designated as a major non-NATO ally by the United States and is seen as a key facilitator in bringing the United States to the negotiations table with the Afghan Taliban and the Haqqani Network, had already halted those efforts according to an unnamed Pakistani official close to the military establishment.[SUP]
[77][/SUP]
While addressing a Senate committee, the Minister of Foreign Affairs Hina Rabbani Khar warned that a repeat incident could end Pakistan's support to the United States in its war against militancy. "Enough is enough. The government will not tolerate any incident of spilling even a single drop of any civilian or soldier's blood. Pakistan's role in the War on Terror must not be overlooked." She added that "the sacrifices rendered by Pakistan in the war on terror are more than any other country. But that does not mean we will compromise on our sovereignty."[SUP]
[78][/SUP][SUP]
[79][/SUP]
[edit]Pakistan's refusal to attend Bonn Conference
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