OK. I'll try to explain it as simply as I can but I'll omit some technical details so don't quote me to an expert oil trader.
There are two main differences you need to consider on oil trades:
1) Oil and other commodities in the world are traded on an exchange. Just like shares are traded on the Stock Exchange. Whoever gives the best bid wins it and clears the price. Unlike regular goods where the seller determines the sale price and a buyer if he likes it buys it or if he doesn't like it, he walks away!
Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) Group and the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) are the two biggest oil exchanges!
2) Oil is traded in USD ($). So you need to have $$$'s to buy Oil. You can't buy Oil directly from a country that is producing it in your or seller's local currency. So you need to have enough $$$'s to buy it.
But you don't need to buy oil from the international exchange if you are locally producing it and consuming it yourself. That's why we don't use $$$'s for SUI GAS because we produce it locally and bear the cost of production in PKR!
For America, the dollar supply is not an issue because they can print as many as they want to, whenever they want to! Hence for them, if buying oil on the international exchange is cheaper than the local production cost for them in $$$'s then they would buy from the international exchange. This is why they are not fully exploiting Shale Gas reserves yet!
However, for every non-American country, the dollar supply is a bottleneck. Pakistan or any other country cannot print dollars! We need to EARN dollars by exporting things in dollars!
This creates two problems for us:
- Today we are spending about $13 Billion on buying Oil alone. Meaning, $13 Billion of our exports are offset by Oil Bill that we can maybe use to import some other things like new Aircrafts, better engines, machinery for industries etc.
- The lesser the number of dollars you have in your bank, the more expensive dollar becomes and PKR/USD exchange rate increases, increasing the cost of other imported goods for a normal man!
For us to become a developed country, we need more energy/oil -->
For more energy/oil we need more $$$'s --> For more $$$'s we need more exports --> For more exports we again need more $$$'s to buy machinery for industry and oil to run it! ???
I think you can now see that we are locked in a position where we cannot grow because of this dollar supply!!
But this problem can be solved by fixing this point I've highlighted in red before:
For more energy/oil we need more $$$'s by meeting our energy needs locally.
How this new discovery can solve our problems?
This project is a conglomerate between two foreign and two local companies on 50/50 basis. Similarly, half of the cost will be borne in $$$'s because Exxon/Eni pay their employees in Dollars and a half in PKR.
And it would be sold to Pakistan Government with half the price taken in dollars and a half in the local currency. So even if the cost of production would be 4 times more than any other well in the world, it would still be cheaper for us to use it. The costs don't vary between extractions to as much as 4 times. It's in the 1x to 2x range max. And you'll understand that why is that so, if you'll understand what drives cost of extraction!!
Now what drives cost of extraction?
There are two main components of the cost:
- Fixed cost: It's the cost to deploy the equipment/machinery etc. This is the biggest portion of the cost (75-90% of the cost)
- Variable cost: It's the cost borne day to day on extraction. e.g: drill bits / employee salareis etc.
Whether a reserve is small or big, Fixed costs are usually almost in the same range. In this case, estimates are that it's as big a reserve as Kuwait's. So your fixed cost split across barrels becomes very very tiny!! Hence, your cost becomes insignificant!
The cost would be an issue for us ONLY if we want to export it! In that case, our cost in $$$'s at prevalent exchange rate needs to be less than the price Oil is being cleared in the exchange because if it is not, then nobody will buy it!
Venezuela/Nigeria oil issues is a separate topic that needs another detailed understanding.
I hope this clarifies!