For aircraft carrier, you need many thing or actions to destroy,
1. Identification of location of the aircraft carrier.
2. Knowledge of protection of aircraft carrier against incoming threats.
3. Aircraft carrier will have air assets in place for defence.
4. Aircraft carrier will have static assets built on aircraft carrier for defence.
5. Aircraft carrier will have one of the best radars available in the world.
6. Aircraft carrier will have for sure every defence against any threat in the world.
So how to destroy,
1. You will have detect or force aircraft carrier to bring in the range of your assets.
2. Enenmy will for sure never keep aircraft carrier in the range of your assests, so technically Aircraft carrier will be useless if you have certain defences in place. because enemy will always keep it at a range from your assets.
3. If in arrange, you will have to move decoy missions to detect strength and weakness.
4. One can launch multiple destruction missile through air and through surface ships and through ground to destroy the carrier.
5. To destroy an aircraft carrier, you need to be ready to sacrifice your assets as well.
6. Its not a big deal to destroy aircraft carrier in modern warfare.